Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is defined by aggressiveness and a tendency to purposefully bother and irritate others. While it is true that anybody can be aggressive and irritating from time to time, to be diagnosed as ODD, a person must display a pattern of negativistic, hostile, and defiant behavior lasting at least six months.
Some sources estimate that 5 percent of all children may qualify for the diagnosis.
What’s the Difference Between ADHD and ODD?
Not all children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD or ADD) qualify for the oppositional defiant disorder diagnosis. However, the percentages are high — some studies put estimates as high as 65 percent of kids with ADHD who also have a defiance disorder. A recent article in Attention!, the quarterly magazine published by CHADD, cites a study of 600 7 to 9 year olds in which 40 percent of the children with ADHD also had ODD, with 15 percent, or 1 in 7, having more serious conduct disorders.
ODD: Symptoms and Prevalence
What are the symptoms of a defiance disorder like ODD?
A pattern of negativistic, hostile, and defiant behavior lasting at least 6 months, during which four (or more) of the following ODD symptoms are present:
- often loses temper
- often argues with adults
- often actively defies or refuses to comply with adults’ requests or rules
- often deliberately annoys people
- often blames others for his or her mistakes or misbehavior
- is often touchy or easily annoyed by others
- is often angry and resentful
- is often spiteful or vindictive
Note: Consider a criterion for ODD met only if the behavior occurs more frequently than is typically observed in individuals of comparable age and developmental level.
[Download This Free Resource: Does My Child Have Oppositional Defiant Disorder?]
A diagnosis of ODD is considered only if:
- The ODD behavior disturbance causes clinically significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning.
- The defiant behaviors do not occur exclusively during the course of a neurotic or delirious episode or because of a mood disorder.
- Criteria are not met for Conduct Disorder, and, if the individual is age 18 years or older, criteria are not met for Antisocial Personality Disorder. Learn more about Oppositional Defiant Disorder in adults here.
Criteria summarized from: American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition . Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
[Read This: The ADHD-ODD Link in Children]
Can Children Outgrow ODD?
It appears that some children will outgrow some aspects of ODD. For example, a defiant teen may grow into a more easy-to-get-along-with adult. However, other behaviors may be life long. An aggressive two year old will very likely be an aggressive adult.
Diagnosis and Treatment of ODD
What should I ask the doctor, psychologist, or therapist when I take my child for a visit?
First, ask if they have worked with children who have ODD and what methods of treatment they prefer.
How Should I Treat My Child’s ODD?
- Always build on the positives, give the child praise and positive reinforcement when he shows flexibility or cooperation. Recognize the “little victories.”
- Learn to control yourself. Take a time-out or break if you are about to make the conflict with your child worse, not better.
- Pick your battles. Since the child with ODD has trouble avoiding power struggles, prioritize the things you want your child to do.
- Set up reasonable, age appropriate limits with consequences that can be enforced consistently. Resist the temptation to rescue the child from naturally occurring consequences.
- Don’t go it alone. Work with and get support from the other adults (teachers, coaches, and spouse) who deal with your child. Look for area support groups and/or parenting classes for parents of difficult children.
- Avoid burnout. Maintain interests other than your child with ODD, so that managing your child doesn’t take all your time and energy. Manage your own stress with exercise and relaxation. Use respite care as needed.
Find more information about treating ODD here. See Oppositional Defiant Support Group for support.
Are Medications Used to Treat ODD?
Medications are sometimes used to treat ODD. Talk with a child psychiatrist who is familiar with ODD in children.
Is Other ODD Treatment Required?
A child with ODD should see either a psychiatrist, psychologist, or a therapist who is familiar with the disorder. Counseling should involve both the child and the family, with an emphasis on ways to cope with such behavior.
If the child becomes dangerous to himself or others, hospitalization may be necessary. Patients who present a danger outside the hospital can be involuntarily hospitalized for up to 3 days by the police or a doctor for observation.
What Happens To a Child Hospitalized for ODD? What Can I Expect?
Having your child hospitalized for a psychiatric problem can be a traumatic experience. Hospitalization typically is on an emergency basis, often following some kind of severe incident. Parents are often exhausted, traumatized and scared.
Do your best to answer all questions at the hospital as well as you can. Doctors will probably ask for a medical history, any present medications, and an explanation of the event that lead to the decision to bring the child to the hospital. If your child stays overnight, then you should go home and get some rest. DO NOT FEEL GUILTY ABOUT THE FACT THAT YOUR HOME IS MORE PEACEFUL WITHOUT THE CHILD. Use this time to pull yourself together, to nurture your spouse and any other children in the house, and just to enjoy some peace for a while.
During hospitalization, the child may encounter the following procedures.
- Group Therapy run by medical staff.
- Individual Therapy with a mental health care professional
- Family Meetings to prepare the patient and the family for the child’s return home.
- Time Out if needed. If the child becomes unable to control himself, he may be separated from the other patients. If he seems violent, he may be placed in a “safety room.”
- Restraints may be used for patients who pose a danger to themselves or others. This usually involves leather bands or straps used to hold the child in a bed.
What Is a Good Book About ODD?
The Explosive Child by Ross W. Greene, Ph.D. a good place to start.
[Watch This Webinar: Defuse the Defiance — Treating Oppositional Defiant Disorder]
Updated on March 24, 2021